Cov Lus Cog Tseg Hauv Kev Lag Luam Photovoltaic

Lub npe tag nrho yog cov nyhuv photovoltaic, uas yog qhov tshwm sim uas ib qho khoom tsim hluav taws xob hluav taws xob vim qhov nqus ntawm photons. Thaum ib yam khoom raug rau lub teeb, cov nqi xa tawm hauv lub xeev hloov pauv, tsim hluav taws xob hluav taws xob thiab tam sim no.

Lub tshuab hluav taws xob tsim hluav taws xob uas siv cov nyhuv photovoltaic ncaj qha hloov hnub ci zog rau hauv hluav taws xob hluav taws xob.

watt (W), kilowatt (kW), megawatt (MW), gigawatt (GW), terawatt (TW)

1TW=1000GW=1000000MW=1000000000kW=1000000000000W.

Kilowatt-teev (kWh), uas yog, 1kWh ntawm hluav taws xob yog 1 kilowatt-teev.

Ib qho ntawm cov khoom siv tseem ceeb hauv lub hnub ci photovoltaic lub zog tsim hluav taws xob, nws txoj haujlwm yog los hloov cov khoom siv hluav taws xob ncaj qha los ntawm lub hnub ci cell mus rau qhov hloov pauv tam sim no uas ua tau raws li cov kev xav tau ntawm lub zog hluav taws xob.

Cov hlua inverter ua haujlwm cais lub zog siab tshaj plaws kev taug qab rau ob peb pawg (feem ntau 1-4 pawg) ntawm cov hlua photovoltaic, thiab tom qab ntawd txuas lawv mus rau AC daim phiaj hluav taws xob tom qab inversion. Ib txoj hlua inverter tuaj yeem muaj ntau lub zog siab tshaj plaws nrhiav cov qauv, nrog lub zog me me, feem ntau yog siv hauv cov tshuab hluav taws xob faib hluav taws xob thiab cov tshuab hluav taws xob photovoltaic hauv nruab nrab.

Hnub ci hlwb tuaj yeem raug ntim thiab tiv thaiv hauv series los tsim ib cheeb tsam loj ntawm lub hnub ci cell modules, thiab tom qab ntawd ua ke nrog cov tswj fais fab thiab lwm yam khoom siv los tsim cov khoom siv hluav taws xob photovoltaic. Lub zog tsim los ntawm cov cuab yeej no yog lub peev xwm nruab.

Qhov piv ntawm cov khoom muaj peev xwm ntawm qhov chaw nres tsheb photovoltaic rau lub peev xwm inverter (muaj peev xwm piv=photovoltaic system ntsia muaj peev xwm / photovoltaic system ntsuas qhov muaj peev xwm). Kev ua kom muaj peev xwm ua tau zoo nyob rau hauv qee qhov ntau tuaj yeem txhim kho kev siv tus nqi ntawm lwm cov khoom siv, dilute cov nqi peev, txo cov nqi tsim kho thiab cov nqi tsim hluav taws xob, thiab ua kom cov khoom tso tawm smoother thiab txhim kho daim phiaj kev phooj ywg.

Tsis siv neeg tsim hluav taws xob tswj (AGC), uas yog, lub zog tswj lub zog, teb rau cov lus qhia kev hloov pauv chaw taws teeb uas tau muab los ntawm kev xa tawm, thiab ua kom zoo tshaj qhov kev suav los ntawm AGC module tag nrho cov tswv yim los ua kom cov ntaub ntawv khiav hauj lwm ua tau raws li qhov kev xa tawm thiab kab sib txuas.

Tsis siv neeg voltage tswj (AVC), uas yog, reactive voltage regulation, teb sai sai rau cov dispatching cov lus qhia raws li daim phiaj voltage nkhaus, thiab cia li kho lub reactive zog, reactive them nyiaj pab kiag li lawm thiab lwm yam kev tswj cov tswv yim thiab teb lub sij hawm kom ua tau raws li qhov voltage tswj lub hom phiaj. thiab txo cov kev poob hauv network.

Nws txhais tau hais tias thaum qhov hluav taws xob ntawm photovoltaic fais fab chaw nres tsheb grid-connected point fluctuates vim daim phiaj tsis ua hauj lwm los yog cuam tshuam, lub chaw nres tsheb fais fab photovoltaic tuaj yeem txuas mus rau daim phiaj tsis cuam tshuam nrog qee qhov ntau.

Qhov taw qhia uas ntsuas lub peev xwm ntawm lub hnub ci hlwb los hloov lub teeb lub zog rau hauv hluav taws xob hluav taws xob. Qhov piv ntawm qhov zoo tshaj plaws tso zis hwj chim ntawm lub hnub ci cell mus rau lub hwj chim ntawm lub hnub ci hluav taws xob teeb meem ntawm nws nto.

Luv luv raws li tus nqi ib kilowatt-teev. Tus nqi thiab lub zog tsim hluav taws xob nyob rau hauv lub neej voj voog ntawm qhov project yog thawj theem, thiab tom qab ntawd tus nqi tsim hluav taws xob raug xam, uas yog, tus nqi tam sim no ntawm tus nqi hauv lub neej voj voog / tus nqi tam sim no ntawm lub zog tsim hluav taws xob hauv lub neej voj voog. .

Nws suav nrog ob lub ntsiab lus: lub zog tsim hluav taws xob sab parity thiab cov neeg siv sab parity. Fais fab tiam sab parity txhais tau hais tias photovoltaic fais fab tiam tuaj yeem ua tiav cov txiaj ntsig tsim nyog txawm tias nws tau yuav raws li daim phiaj sib txuas hluav taws xob ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob ib txwm muaj (tsis muaj nyiaj pab): cov neeg siv sab parity txhais tau hais tias tus nqi ntawm photovoltaic fais fab tuag qis dua lub zog. muag nqi. Raws li hom neeg siv thiab nws cov nqi siv hluav taws xob, nws tuaj yeem muab faib ua kev lag luam thiab kev lag luam thiab thaj chaw cov neeg siv sab parity.

Lub National Development thiab Reform Commission tsim cov nqi yuav khoom (cov se suav nrog) ntawm lub tuam txhab hluav taws xob hluav taws xob rau cov hluav taws xob sib txuas hluav taws xob ntawm cov chaw nres tsheb photovoltaic hauv nruab nrab.

Tus naj npawb ntawm cov sij hawm ua haujlwm ntawm qhov nruab nrab lub zog tsim khoom muaj peev xwm nyob rau hauv ib cheeb tsam nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov load ua hauj lwm tej yam kev mob nyob rau hauv ib tug tej lub sij hawm ntawm lub sij hawm, uas yog, qhov piv ntawm lub hwj chim tiam mus rau nruab nrab nruab muaj peev xwm, qhia txog kev siv tus nqi ntawm lub hwj chim tsim khoom nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam. Cov mis yog: siv sij hawm=lub zog tsim / nruab peev xwm.

Qhov nruab nrab lub sijhawm ua haujlwm puv sijhawm ntawm lub tshuab hluav taws xob tau teeb tsa hauv ib xyoos: qhov kev faib ua feem ntawm cov sijhawm siv ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob hauv 8760 teev hauv ib xyoos, tseem hu ua "tus nqi siv khoom siv".

Cov khoom siv hluav taws xob faib hluav taws xob tau nruab nrog cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tshwj xeeb rau kev faib hluav taws xob, xws li kev nkag ncaj qha ntawm cov hluav taws xob xa mus rau cov chaw nres tsheb, hloov chaw nres tsheb, cov chaw faib hluav taws xob, lossis lub nplhaib network.

Nyob rau hauv lub tshuab hluav taws xob photovoltaic nrog decentralized inversion thiab centralized grid kev twb kev txuas, DC thiab AC kis tau tus mob kab uas muab lub hwj chim tso zis ntawm txhua photovoltaic module hlua rau lub inverter los ntawm lub combiner lub thawv thiab sau nws mus rau lub hwj chim tiam busbar los ntawm inverter tso zis kawg. hu ua collector kab. Cov kab sib sau tuaj yeem raug xa tawm los ntawm nyiaj siv ua haujlwm, ncaj qha faus lossis choj tso.

Nws tuaj yeem muab faib ua DC lub thawv sib txuas thiab AC lub thawv sib txuas. Lub thawv DC combiner yog cov khoom siv hluav taws xob uas ua kom muaj kev sib raug zoo thiab kev sib koom ua ke ntawm photovoltaic modules; Lub thawv AC combiner yog los ua ke cov zis tam sim no ntawm ntau lub inverters, thaum tiv thaiv lub inverter los ntawm kev puas tsuaj los ntawm AC daim phiaj-txuas sab / load, raws li lub inverter tso zis disconnection point, txhim kho kev ruaj ntseg ntawm lub system thiab tiv thaiv kev ruaj ntseg ntawm installation. thiab cov neeg ua haujlwm tu.

Feem ntau, 400kW thiab hauv qab no tuaj yeem txuas nrog daim phiaj ntawm qhov hluav taws xob tsawg ntawm 380V. Nruab nrab ntawm 400kW thiab 2MW, ntau qhov sib txuas kab sib txuas tuaj yeem siv rau kev sib txuas hluav taws xob tsawg. Yog hais tias lub hwj chim tshaj 2MW, 10kV kab sib txuas yuav tsum tau. Yog hais tias lub hwj chim tshaj 6MW, 35kV kab sib txuas yuav tsum tau (saib rau cov kev xav tau lossis cov lus qhia ntawm lub tuam txhab fais fab hauv zos kom paub meej).

Lub hwj chim muab faib ua AC thiab DC, yog li nws muab faib ua AC cables thiab DC cables. AC cables yog siv los txuas AC fais fab cables: DC cables yog siv rau cables nyob rau hauv DC kis tau tus mob thiab tis systems.

Raws li cov khoom siv zoo monocrystalline silicon thiab kev siv thev naus laus zis, ib hom ntawm lub hnub ci cell feem ntau yog tsim los ntawm kev siv thev naus laus zis xws li deg texturing, emitter passivation, thiab muab faib doping.

Siv cov khoom siv hnub ci-qib polycrystalline silicon, cov txheej txheem tsim khoom zoo ib yam li cov monocrystalline silicon solar cells. Tam sim no photoelectric conversion efficiency thiab ntau lawm nqi yog me ntsis qis dua li cov monocrystalline hnub ci hlwb.

Shingled modules yog cov txheej txheem thev naus laus zis uas tsim los nrog kev sib tshooj thiab kaw tsim tom qab lub hlwb raug txiav thiab sib txuas nrog cov kua nplaum. Hloov cov vuam sawb ntawm cov cuab yeej siv ib txwm siv los ua kom lub zog tsim hluav taws xob zoo ntawm cov hlwb.

Modules uas tuaj yeem siv qhov teeb meem teeb meem ntawm ob sab pem hauv ntej thiab nraub qaum los tsim lub teeb lub zog. Feem ntau, lub zog rov qab ntawm cov qauv bifacial yog ntau tshaj 60% ntawm lub zog pem hauv ntej.

Modules ua los ntawm cov hlwb bifacial thiab ob sab iav.

Tshwj xeeb muaj nuj nqi brackets siv rau nruab, txhawb nqa thiab kho photovoltaic modules nyob rau hauv photovoltaic fais fab tiam systems, nrog rau kev taug qab brackets thiab taag brackets.

Cov khoom siv uas kho lub kaum sab xis ntawm lub dav hlau ntawm lub hnub ci module txheeb ze rau qhov xwm txheej hnub ci nyob rau lub sijhawm tiag tiag los ntawm kev sib xyaw ua haujlwm ntawm cov tshuab, hluav taws xob, hluav taws xob circuits thiab cov kev pab cuam kom nce lub hnub ci projection ntawm lub module thiab nce lub zog tsim.

Lub attenuation ntawm cov zis fais fab ntawm cov hlwb thiab cov modules tshwm sim los ntawm lub sij hawm ntev illumination.

Muaj peev xwm-vim degradation, uas yog, lub sij hawm ntev high voltage ntawm lub module ua rau cov xau tam sim no ntawm cov iav thiab cov khoom ntim, thiab cov nqi loj ntawm cov khoom ntim rau ntawm lub xov tooj ntawm tes, uas ua rau cov nyhuv passivation ntawm lub cell deteriorates. nto thiab ua rau cov module ua haujlwm qis dua tus qauv tsim.

Standard Test Conditions, feem ntau yog siv nyob rau hauv lub chaw soj nstuam, hais txog lub ambient kub ntawm 25 degree, huab cua zoo AM1.5, cua ceev=0m/s, 1000W/m².

Kev khiav hauj lwm Cell kub kub, NOCT ntawm ib txwm modules yog 45 degree degree ± 2 degree degree. Nws hais txog qhov kub thiab txias mus txog thaum lub hnub ci module lossis roj teeb nyob rau hauv lub xeev qhib hluav taws xob thiab (roj teeb pom kev siv lub teeb=800W/m, ambient kub=20 degree, cua ceev=1 m/s).

Lub tsev koom ua ke Photovoltaic (photovoltaic lub tsev koom ua ke), cov ntaub ntawv photovoltaic siv nyob rau hauv photovoltaic vaj tse yog embodied nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm lub tsev cov ntaub ntawv, yog li photovoltaic tsev cov ntaub ntawv tsis tsuas yog dais lub functionality ntawm lub hwj chim tiam sis kuj ua lub tsev muaj nuj nqi. Lub hnub ci hlwb yog sib xyaw nrog cov khoom siv hauv tsev thiab siv ncaj qha rau lub tsev ru tsev thiab phab ntsa thiab lwm qhov chaw.

Lub tsev txuas nrog Photovoltaic (lub tsev txuas nrog photovoltaic). Nws txhais tau qhov sib txawv ntawm BIPV. Nws feem ntau yog hais txog lub hnub ci photovoltaic lub zog tsim hluav taws xob nruab rau ntawm cov tsev uas twb muaj lawm, tseem hu ua "ntsia" hnub ci photovoltaic vaj tse. Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm BAPV yog tsim hluav taws xob, uas tsis cuam tshuam nrog kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub tsev thiab tsis ua kom puas lossis ua kom tsis muaj zog ntawm lub tsev qub.

Emitter passivation thiab rov qab hu xovtooj. PERC hlwb muaj kev sib koom ua lag luam txog li 90% thiab yog hom xov tooj tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv kev ua lag luam tam sim no.

Tunneling oxide passivation hu xovtooj, N-hom cell technology, siab theoretical efficiency txwv, thiab txheej txheem zoo ib yam li PECR.

Heterojunction cells nrog amorphous txheej siv cov khoom siv sib txawv los tsim cov heterojunctions. Lawv muaj cov theoretical efficiency siab thiab ob peb kauj ruam ua, tab sis lawv xav tau cov txheej txheem siab heev.

Interdigitated rov qab hu xov tooj.

Feem ntau siv cov hnub ci loj loj los hloov lub hnub ci hluav taws xob ncaj qha rau hauv cov hluav taws xob tam sim no, txuas mus rau daim phiaj hluav taws xob los ntawm AC faib cov khoom, cov kauj ruam-up transformers thiab high-voltage switchgear, xa cov hluav taws xob photovoltaic rau hauv daim phiaj hluav taws xob, thiab daim phiaj hluav taws xob sib npaug. faib lub zog rau cov neeg siv.

Hais txog kev tsim hluav taws xob photovoltaic nyob ze cov neeg siv, qhov chaw tsim hluav taws xob tau siv hauv zos, txuas nrog rau daim phiaj hluav taws xob ntawm qhov hluav taws xob qis dua 35kV lossis qis dua, thiab tag nrho cov peev txheej nruab ntawm ib qho kev sib txuas ntawm ib qho kev sib txuas feem ntau tsis tshaj 6MW.

Hais txog kev sib sib zog nqus ntawm cov cim tiam tshiab cov ntaub ntawv thev naus laus zis xws li 5G, Internet, cov ntaub ntawv loj, thiab kev txawj ntse hauv kev siv photovoltaics, kom cov chaw siv hluav taws xob photovoltaic tuaj yeem ua kom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm cov tswv chaw nres tsheb fais fab thiab cov tswv lag luam los ntawm kev pab ntawm digital technology hauv txhua yam ntawm kev tsim kho mus rau kev ua haujlwm.

Hom photovoltaic system no yog hom ntau tshaj plaws, thiab feem ntau faib cov tshuab hluav taws xob photovoltaic feem ntau siv hom no. Lub zog tsim los ntawm photovoltaic system tuaj yeem ua tau raws li nws tus kheej siv, thiab lub zog ntau dhau tuaj yeem raug muag rau hauv daim phiaj hluav taws xob kom tsis txhob pov tseg: yog tias lub zog tsim los ntawm photovoltaic system tsis txaus rau kev siv, nws yuav ntxiv zog ntxiv. khoom siv los ntawm kab hluav taws xob. Nyob rau hauv hom no, daim phiaj teeb tsa ob txoj kev ntse ntsuas ntsuas lub zog tsim hluav taws xob ntawm lub chaw tsim hluav taws xob photovoltaic thiab kev siv hluav taws xob ntawm tus neeg siv, thiab them lossis sau cov nqi hluav taws xob raws li cov cai thiab cov nqi hluav taws xob sib tham.

Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev tsim tus kheej thiab siv tus kheej-siv daim phiaj-txuas hom yog "daim phiaj sib txuas tab sis tsis txuas rau kab sib chaws". Qhov chaw nkag ntawm hom no yog nyob rau hauv qis kawg ntawm daim phiaj ntsuas, uas yog tus kheej sab ntawm tag nrho cov cuab yeej ciam teb. Qhov no photovoltaic system hom feem ntau yog siv thaum lub hwj chim load ntawm tus neeg siv sab yog loj thiab lub hwj chim load yog tas li. Tus neeg siv muaj peev xwm siv tau los ntawm kev siv hluav taws xob tsim los ntawm photovoltaic fais fab nroj tsuag yam tsis ua rau khib nyiab.

Hom kab sib txuas no yog txhawm rau txuas ncaj qha rau AC cov zis ntawm lub tshuab hluav taws xob photovoltaic mus rau sab qis-voltage lossis siab-voltage sab ntawm daim phiaj, uas yog, daim phiaj sab ntawm cov khoom ciam teb. Nyob rau hauv txoj kev no, lub zog tsim los ntawm lub kaw lus yog muag ncaj qha rau hauv daim phiaj, thiab tus nqi muag khoom feem ntau txais cov nqi hluav taws xob nruab nrab hauv cheeb tsam sib txuas, thaum tus neeg siv tus nqi hluav taws xob tseem tsis hloov pauv, qhov thiaj li hu ua "ob kab ntawm cov nyiaj tau los thiab kev siv nyiaj, txhua tus suav nws tus kheej tus account." Cov qauv no ntawm kev muag hluav taws xob ncaj qha rau daim phiaj tseem yog lub ntsiab ntawm kev siv photovoltaic; vim nws cov qauv nyiaj txiag yog qhov yooj yim thiab txhim khu kev qha, nws yooj yim rau kev nyiam los ntawm cov tub ua lag luam.